Many of the area residents were Chinese or part Chinese. This was one of several neighborhoods where Chinese immigrants were largely confined. During that time the government conscripted older Chinese youths from the city for forced labor, sending many to Cambodia. They were called “teenage volunteers” and had their pictures taken with shovels to show in propaganda. They served in the countryside to clear bombs and mines and other hard, dirty, menial and dangerous work. They succumbed to starvation and disease. The neighbors said that only one in ten survived to return home. Fortunately many of the Chinese youths in rural areas were not bothered.

Hung’s brothers, Tam Xuan Luu and Huu Thanh Lam, were dismissed from military service. They had worn their People’s Army uniforms so proudly when Saigon had finally fallen. They felt shamed, but because of their years of military service they were still able to get government jobs, though they had lower pay and status.

Our family was glad to get out of Ho Chi Minh City, with the constant stories of people sent away for re-education or work-details, and new restrictions for those who remained. Everyone had to give detailed information about every detail of their lives. Fortunately while they lived in the city, Long was not considered old enough to join the “teenage volunteers,” officially the Vanguard Youth Corps, which continued to be sent out to do jobs that no one else would take, such as clearing mine fields.

In the countryside travel was inconvenient. Even though her papers included the family connections with Go Dau and Tay Ninh, Hue found it hard to get permission to go back and forth. She and Thin had to present papers to get through checkpoints every few miles along Route 1 and every other road, and the soldiers at the checkpoints did not always respond in an understanding way. This presented many problems for Hue’s trucking business. Her mid-sized pick-up truck carried about a half ton of goods found in the country for sale in the city. Often goods were confiscated at checkpoints. She had to apply in the center of the city for a permit to allow people to travel out of the city on board the truck. At every checkpoint officials would count and check paperwork to make sure that names and numbers matched. Many checkers would take advantage of this opportunity to extort bribes for themselves, and if they were not satisfied they would detain the driver and everyone or everything on board. Trying to make a living, even to survive, became harder day by day.

That year of 1979 became the year of the second exodus from Vietnam. The government had tried to organize communal farms in the south, but they produced only years of crop failures. Farmers hid the little bit of rice they did harvest, so that they could feed their own families. Cut off from the rest of the world we no longer had much to buy even when we had money or gold to buy it. With most of the army occupying Cambodia, officials could no longer waste so much effort on road checkpoints, so people could find a way out more easily.

The relationship between Vietnam and China was getting worse every day. Sometimes they were actually fighting each other in Vietnam’s northern provinces. China was pressuring Vietnam to allow people of Chinese descent to leave if they wanted. In places where they had been welcomed and had lived for years, they were no longer trusted. Native Vietnamese called them the “overseas Chinese” in contrast to people who had lived in Vietnam for many generations. We ourselves were somewhere between the two groups, relatively recent as immigrants, but considering ourselves more Cambodian and Vietnamese than Chinese. We had lived here much of our youth and all of our adult life. Where would we go? Anyway, we heard of many other people who were taking advantage of the opening to leave for better conditions. Traffickers began to organize groups emigrating from Cho Lon, on the west edge of Ho Chi Minh City, but the traffickers were charging exorbitant fees. Not long after the emigration became common knowledge, the government began to clamp down, fearing they were losing too many skilled workers, and aware that people other than those who came from China were taking advantage of the chance to leave.

Again we sat at table and talked about the future we could expect in Vietnam. There wasn’t much to look forward to. There was still fruit available for the picking, but more hands reaching to pick it. Fish were available for catching, but more people were trying to catch them. Less rice, and more mouths to feed. I knew what we needed to do, but I would not be able to do it. I was not strong enough. Kia heard and understood what we were talking about, even before anyone spoke the word “leaving.” She announced “I’m not leaving Grandma Tien, and I’m not leaving Go Dau.” We all tried to persuade her that we were only thinking about what was best for each of us, not deciding yet. If we did decide, not everyone would have to go. There was a part of me that was glad that she was stubborn, even as I wondered what her future would be like if she stayed here.

In the end we decided that Kia, Muoi, Mui, Grandfather, and I would stay at Go Dau. Hue and Thin would see what opportunities might be available for the rest of the family to escape through Cambodia. My heart was heavy, but the plan was as sensible as we could make it. We understood that escape was easier through Cambodia. They were in the midst of the chaos following the fall of the Khmer Rouge. The government was disorganized. The borders were as weak as rotten fish nets.

We were most concerned about the boys. Their future in Vietnam was the most unpredictable.  The future held little hope for men of Chinese descent to achieve much. They were not even trusted to take a job as a soldier. Most of my family wanted to leave together, but, without secure arrangements, the boys had a better chance on their own than with a large family. They were not subject to the same dangers as the girls would be. Maybe they could pass for Cambodian Chinese, and blend in for a while, if necessary, and find an opportunity to emigrate with some luck. They could use some of the money we had saved to find a boat headed downriver on the Mekong. It was a plan. We had hope that they had a future somewhere.